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<p>JavaSE进阶——该篇主要讲解Java中的<strong>Junit测试单元框架</strong></p>

</blockquote>
<span id="more"></span>
<p>在开发中，通常一个类中会书写很多方法 一个项目中，会书写很多类</p>
<p>方法即功能。开发完成功能后，想要测试功能</p>
<h2 id="junit单元测试">Junit单元测试</h2>
<h3 id="junit4单元测试概述">Junit4单元测试概述</h3>
<ul>
<li><p>单元测试就是编写测试代码，可以准确、快速地保证程序的<strong>正确性</strong>，Junit是Java单元测试的框架。</p></li>
<li><p>JUnit4可以通过注解的方式来标记方法 , 让方法存某种意义
，常见的注解有：</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation" data-cites="BeforeClass">@BeforeClass</span>
全局只会执行一次，而且是第一个运行（标记的方法需要是一个<strong>静态无参无返回值</strong>方法）</li>
<li><span class="citation" data-cites="Before">@Before</span>
在测试方法运行之前运行（<strong>非静态无参无返回值</strong>方法）</li>
<li><strong><span class="citation" data-cites="Test">@Test</span>
测试方法（此方法必须是非静态无参无返回值方法）, 主要用于测试的方法
</strong></li>
<li><span class="citation" data-cites="After">@After</span>
在测试方法运行之后运行（<strong>非静态无参无返回值</strong>方法）</li>
<li><span class="citation" data-cites="AfterClass">@AfterClass</span>
全局只会执行一次，而且是最后一个运行（标记的方法需要是一个<strong>静态无参无返回值</strong>方法）</li>
<li><span class="citation" data-cites="Ignore">@Ignore</span>
忽略此方法</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h3 id="junit的基本使用">Junit的基本使用</h3>
<ul>
<li>已知存在需要测试的类Calculator
，这是一个能够简单实现加减乘除、平方、开方的计算器类，然后对这些功能进行单元测试。</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 计算器类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Calculator</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 静态变量，用于存储运行结果</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="type">int</span> result; <span class="comment">// 20</span></span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 加法运算</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">add</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        result = result + n;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 减法运算</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">subtract</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// Bug: 正确的应该是 result = result - n</span></span><br><span class="line">        result = result - <span class="number">1</span>;  </span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 乘法运算</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">multiply</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 此方法尚未写好</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;         </span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 除法运算</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">divide</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        result = result / n;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 平方运算</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">square</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        result = n * n;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 平方根运算</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">squareRoot</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// Bug : 死循环</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> (; ;) ;            </span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 将结果清零</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">clear</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;     </span><br><span class="line">        result = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 返回运算结果</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">getResult</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> result;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li><h4 id="引入junit4的jar包到模块中">引入Junit4的jar包到模块中</h4>
<ul>
<li><p>第一步 :
在模块中新建文件夹lib，拷贝今天资料中junit4的jar包到模块中 <img data-src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/EthanLiu6/ImgsForMe/blog_images/%E5%8C%85.png" alt="包"></p></li>
<li><p>第二步 : 选中jar文件 , 右键选择 Add as Library</p></li>
</ul></li>
<li><h4 id="生成junit测试框架">生成Junit测试框架</h4>
<ul>
<li><p>使用IDEA能够直接给需要测试的类生成测试框架，如下：</p></li>
<li><p>选中本类任何位置右键选择 Generate（Alt+Insert）/ go to 选项 ,
选择Test...</p></li>
<li><p>选择需要进行测试的方法</p></li>
<li><p>在上一步OK后系统会自动生成一个新类CalculatorTest，里面包含一些空的测试用例。</p>
<p>你只需要将这些测试用例稍作修改即可使用，完整的CalculatorTest代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">    </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><h4 id="限时测试">限时测试</h4>
<p>对于那些逻辑很复杂，循环嵌套比较深的程序，很有可能出现死循环，因此一定要采取一些预防措施。限时测试是一个很好的解决方案。我们给这些测试函数设定一个执行时间，超过了这个时间，他们就会被系统强行终止，并且系统还会向你汇报该函数结束的原因是因为超时，这样你就可以发现这些Bug了。要实现这一功能，只需要给@Test标注加一个参数即可，代码如下：</p>
<p>被测方法：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">squareRoot</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> n)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//Bug : 死循环</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> (; ; ) ;            </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="测试方法">测试方法：</h4>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Test(timeout = 1000)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Timeout参数表明了你要设定的时间，单位为毫秒，因此1000就代表1秒。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">squareRoot</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    calculator.squareRoot(<span class="number">4</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    assertEquals(<span class="number">2</span> , calculator.getResult());</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="断言">断言</h3>
<ul>
<li><h4 id="概述">概述 :</h4></li>
</ul>
<p>​ 预先判断某个条件一定成立，如果条件不成立，则直接报错。</p>
<ul>
<li><h4 id="使用">使用 :</h4>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//第一个参数表示期望值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//第二个参数表示实际值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 如果实际值和期望值相同，说明结果正确就测试通过,如果不相同，说明结果是错误的,就会报错</span></span><br><span class="line">Assert.assertEquals( 期望值, 实际值);</span><br><span class="line">Assert.assertEquals(<span class="string">&quot;异常原因&quot;</span>， 期望值, 实际值);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//例如：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">int</span> <span class="variable">result</span> <span class="operator">=</span> add(<span class="number">100</span>,<span class="number">200</span>);</span><br><span class="line">Assert.assertEquals(<span class="number">300</span>, result);  </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><h4 id="小结-如何进行断言">小结 : 如何进行断言</h4>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Assert.assertEquals(期望值,实际值)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>

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